Reporte de caso: síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia, intoxicación por glicina / Case report: Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy, glycine intoxication

El síndrome de absorción intravascular en histeroscopia se origina por la rápida absorción vascular de soluciones isotónicas e hipotónicas utilizadas en irrigación intrauterina, ocasionando hipervolemia y dilución de electrolitos, especialmente hiponatremia. Cuando este síndrome es debido a intoxicación por glicina al 1,5% causa acidosis severa y neurotoxicidad. La incidencia de este síndrome es baja pero puede aumentar por factores como: falta de control de altura de bolsas de irrigación, ausencia de equilibrio de fluidos de soluciones de irrigación, tejidos altamente vascularizados como miomas uterinos y uso de sistema de electrocirugía monopolar. Se reporta el caso de una paciente con miomas uterinos, programada para resección mediante histeroscopia que cursa con síndrome de absorción intravascular por glicina, el temprano diagnóstico y rápido tratamiento intraoperatorio y postoperatorio permitió una evolución favorable. El manejo se basó en el uso de diuréticos, restricción de fluidos y soluciones hipertónicas de sodio.

Intravascular absorption syndrome in hysteroscopy is caused by rapid vascular absorption of isotonic and hypotonic solutions used in intrauterine irrigation, causing hypervolemia and electrolyte dilution, especially hyponatremia. When this syndrome is due to 1.5% glycine toxicity, it causes severe acidosis and neurotoxicity. The incidence of this syndrome is low but may increase due to factors such as: lack of control of the height of irrigation bags, lack of fluid balance in irrigation solutions, highly vascularized tissues such as uterine myomas and use of a monopolar electrosurgery system. The case of a patient with uterine myomas, scheduled for resection by hysteroscopy, who presents with intravascular glycine absorption syndrome, is reported. Early diagnosis and rapid intraoperative and postoperative treatment allowed a favorable evolution. Management was based on the use of diuretics, fluid restriction, and hypertonic sodium solutions.

Endotracheal tube cuff pressure increases in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy: a single cohort study / Aumento da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal em pacientes submetidos a artroscopia do ombro: estudo de coorte

Abstract Background and objectives Several airway complications can occur during shoulder arthroscopy including airway obstruction, pleural puncture, and subcutaneous emphysema. It was hypothesized that the irrigation fluid used during a shoulder arthroscopic procedure might increase the cuff pressure of the endotracheal tube, which can cause edema and ischemic damage to the endotracheal mucosa. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between irrigation fluid and endotracheal tube cuff pressures. Methods Forty patients aged 20 to 70 years with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score I or II, scheduled for elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia, participated in our study. We recorded endotracheal tube cuff pressures and neck circumferences every hour from the start of the operation. We also recorded the total duration of the anesthesia, operation, and the total volume of fluid used for irrigation. Results A positive correlation was shown between endotracheal tube cuff pressures and the amount of irrigation fluid (r = 0.385, 95% CI 0.084 to 0.62, p = 0.0141). The endotracheal tube cuff pressure significantly increased at 2 and 3 hours after starting the operation (p = 0.0368 and p = 0.0245, respectively). However, neck circumference showed no significant difference. Conclusions Endotracheal tube cuff pressures increased with operation time and with increased volumes of irrigation fluid used in patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopy. We recommend close monitoring of endotracheal tube cuff pressures during shoulder arthroscopy, especially during long operations using a large amount of irrigation fluid, to prevent complications caused by raised cuff pressures.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Diversas complicações das vias aéreas podem ocorrer durante a artroscopia do ombro, incluindo obstrução das vias aéreas, punção pleural e enfisema subcutâneo. Levantou‐se a hipótese de que o fluido de irrigação utilizado durante artroscopia do ombro possa aumentar a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal, podendo causar edema e lesão isquêmica na mucosa traqueal. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre o fluido de irrigação e a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal. Métodos Participaram do estudo 40 pacientes com idades entre 20 e 70 anos com classificação do estado físico I ou II da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), programados para cirurgia artroscópica do ombro, eletiva e sob anestesia geral. Registramos as pressões do balonete do tubo endotraqueal e as circunferências do pescoço a cada hora, a partir do início da cirurgia. Também registramos a duração anestésica e cirúrgica, assim como o volume total de líquido de irrigação empregado. Resultados Foi encontrada correlação positiva entre a pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal e a quantidade de líquido de irrigação (r = 0,385; 95% IC 0,084 a 0,62; p = 0,0141). A pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal registrou aumento significante 2 e 3 horas após o início da cirurgia (p = 0,0368 e p = 0,0245, respectivamente). No entanto, a circunferência do pescoço não mostrou diferença significante. Conclusões As pressões do balonete do tubo endotraqueal aumentaram com o tempo de cirurgia e com o aumento do volume de líquido de irrigação utilizado em pacientes submetidos a artroscopia do ombro. Recomendamos a monitorização rigorosa da pressão do balonete do tubo endotraqueal durante artroscopia do ombro, especialmente nos procedimentos longos em que grandes volumes de fluido de irrigação são empregados, para evitar complicações causadas por pressões elevadas do balonete.

Fluid volume kinetics of dilutional hyponatremia; a shock syndrome revisited

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the pathophysiology of shock syndromes can be better understood by comparing central hemodynamics with kinetic data on fluid and electrolyte shifts. METHODS: We studied the dilutional hyponatremic shock that developed in response to overhydration with electrolyte-free irrigating fluid - the so-called ‘transurethral resection syndrome' - by comparing cardiac output, arterial pressures, and volume kinetic parameters in 17 pigs that were administered 150 ml/kg of either 1.5% glycine or 5% mannitol by intravenous infusion over 90 minutes. RESULTS: Natriuresis appeared to be the key factor promoting hypovolemic hypotension 15-20 minutes after fluid administration ended. Excessive sodium excretion, due to osmotic diuresis caused by the irrigant solutes, was associated with high estimates of the elimination rate constant (k10) and low or negative estimates of the rate constant describing re-distribution of fluid to the plasma after translocation to the interstitium (k21). These characteristics indicated a high urinary flow rate and the development of peripheral edema at the expense of plasma volume and were correlated with reductions in cardiac output. The same general effects of natriuresis were observed for both irrigating solutions, although the volume of infused 1.5% glycine had a higher tendency to enter the intracellular fluid space. CONCLUSION: Comparisons between hemodynamics and fluid turnover showed a likely sequence of events that led to hypovolemia despite intravenous administration of large amounts of fluid. .

Embolismo gaseoso tras el uso del sistema de lavado CarboJet® durante la hemiartroplastía de cadera: Caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Gas embolism after the use of the CarboJet® lavage system during hip hemiarthroplasty: Clinical case and literature review

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 89 años de edad que sufrió paro cardiorrespiratorio durante la realización de hemiartroplastía de cadera cementada que precisó resucitación cardiopulmonar. Esta complicación ocurrió inmediatamente después de usar el sistema de lavado mediante dióxido de carbono CarboJet®, y se atribuyó a embolismo gaseoso, tras descartar otras entidades. Se discuten los posibles factores que pueden contribuir a esta complicación quirúrgica.

Case report of an 89 year-old patient who had cardiorespiratory arrest during cemented hip hemiarthroplasty and required cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This complication occurred immediately after using the carbon dioxide-based lavage system known as CarboJet® and was attributed to gas embolism once other entities were ruled out. The possible factors that may contribute to this surgical complication are discussed.

Irrigación ultrasónica pasiva comparada con irrigación manual en la eliminación del enterococcus faecalis del sistema de conductos (estudio in vitro) / Passive ultrasonic irrigacion compared with conventional manual irrigation in the elimination of enterococcus faecalis of duct radicular system (in vitro study)

La clave del éxito de la terapia endodóntica es la limpieza y desinfección del sistema de conductos radiculares, por esto hoy en día los diferentes sistemas de irrigación han adquirido especial importancia para disminuir la permanencia bacterias como el Enterococcus faecalis, considerado el microorganismo causante principal de los fracasos endodónticos. El propósito del estudio fué determinar la efectividad de la técnica de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva en la eliminación del Enterococcus faecalis con la técnica de irrigación manual convencional en dientes monorradiculares extraídos. En relación a la metodología la investigación se enmarcó dentro del tipo explicativo, con un diseño de experimento puro. La muestra estudiada estuvo conformada por 64 dientes monorradiculares divididos en dos grupos, 30 unidades dentarias (Ud.) con la técnica de irrigación manual, 30 Ud. con la técnica de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva, 2 controles positivos y 2 controles negativos. Para la recolección de la información se empleó la técnica de observación y como instrumento una guía de observación. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. En la técnica de irrigación manual convencional se logró una desinfección de 83.4% en el tercio cervical, un 33.4% en el tercio medio y el tercio apical. En la técnica de irrigación ultrasónica pasiva se logró una eliminación del 100% en el tercio cervical y medio del diente, y el 83% en el tercio apical del diente, la cual indica que la irrigación ultrasónica pasiva fué significativamente más efectiva en la eliminación del Enterococcus faecalis que la irrigación manual convencional.

The key to success in endodontic therapy is the cleaning and disinfection of the root canal system, which is why today the different irrigation systems have become particularly important to reduce the persistence of Enterococcus faecalis, considered the main causative endodontic failure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of passive ultrasonic irrigation technique in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis compared with conventional manual irrigation technique in single-rooted teeth extracted. Regarding the research methodology was framed within the explanatory type, with experimental design. The study sample consisted of 64 single-rooted teeth divided into two groups, 30 teeth with conventional manual irrigation technique, 30 teeth with ultrasonic irrigation technique, 2 positive and 2 negative controls. For data collection was used observation and an observation guide instrument. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. In the conventional manual irrigation technique is achieving a disinfection of 83.4% in the cervical third, a 33.4% in the middle third and the apical third. In the passive ultrasonic irrigation technique achieved a 100% removal in the cervical and middle third of the tooth, and 83% in the apical third of the tooth, indicating the passive ultrasonic irrigation significantly more effective in eliminating Enterococcus faecalis that manual irrigation conventional.

Fatores de risco para complicações perioperatórias em cirurgias endoscópicas com irrigação / Risk factors for perioperative complications in endoscopic surgery with irrigation / Factores de riesgo para complicaciones perioperatorias en cirugías endoscópicas con irrigación

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A medicina endoscópica está cada vez mais sendo usada atualmente, porém não é isenta de riscos. Portanto, este estudo avaliou os fatores associados com complicações perioperatórias em cirurgias endoscópicas com irrigação intraoperatória. MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte durante seis meses. Foram incluídos pacientes com > 18 anos, submetidos a cirurgias endoscópicas que usariam fluidos de irrigação no intraoperatório. Pacientes em uso de diuréticos, com insuficiência renal, distúrbios cognitivos, hiponatremia prévia a cirurgia, gestantes e moribundos foram excluídos. Foram alocados em dois grupos os pacientes que apresentaram complicações ou não no período perioperatório. As complicações avaliadas estavam relacionadas a alterações neurológicas, cardiovasculares, renais e sangramentos no perioperatório. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 181 pacientes e 39 excluídos, portanto 142 preencheram os critérios. Apresentaram complicações 21,8% dos pacientes, com maior ocorrência em cirurgias endoscópicas de próstata, seguidas de histeroscopias, bexiga, artroscopia de joelho e ombro, respectivamente 58,1%, 36,9%, 19,4%, 3,8% e 3,2%. Comparando os grupos, apresentaram associação com complicações na análise univariada; idade, sexo, tabagismo, cardiopatia, ASA, sódio sérico no fim da cirurgia, total de fluido de irrigação administrado, ressecção transuretral de próstata, histeroscopia. Entretanto, apenas idade (OR = 1,048), sódio sérico (OR = 0,962) e volume de fluido de irrigação administrado no intraoperatório (OR = 1,001) foram variáveis independentes para complicações na regressão múltipla. CONCLUSÃO: Graves complicações em cirurgias endoscópicas têm grande ocorrência. O sódio sérico no fim da operação, a quantidade de fluido de irrigação e a idade foram fortes fatores independentes associados ao problema. Dessa forma, tais fatores devem ser levados em consideração nesses tipos de cirurgias.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Currently, endoscopic medicine is being increasingly used, albeit not without risks. Therefore, this study evaluated the factors associated with perioperative complications in endoscopic surgery with intraoperative irrigation. METHOD: A cohort study of six months duration. Patients aged > 18 years undergoing endoscopic surgery with the use of irrigation fluids during the intraoperative period were included. Exclusion criteria were: use of diuretics, kidney failure, cognitive impairment, hyponatremia prior to surgery, pregnancy, and critically ill. The patients who presented with or without complications during the perioperative period were allocated into two groups. Complications evaluated were related to neurological, cardiovascular and renal changes, and perioperative bleeding. RESULTS: In total, 181 patients were enrolled and 39 excluded; therefore, 142 patients met the study criteria. Patients with complications amounted to 21.8%, with higher prevalence in endoscopic prostate surgery, followed by hysteroscopy, bladder, knee, and shoulder arthroscopy (58.1%, 36.9%, 19.4%, 3.8%, 3.2% respectively). When comparing both groups, we found association with complications in univariate analysis: age, sex, smoking, heart disease, ASA, serum sodium at the end of surgery, total irrigation fluid administered, TURP, and hysteroscopy. However, in multiple regression analysis for complications, only age (OR = 1.048), serum sodium (OR = 0.962), and volume of irrigation fluid administered during surgery (OR = 1.001) were independent variables. CONCLUSION: The incidence of serious complications in endoscopic surgeries is high. Serum sodium at the end of the operation, amount of irrigation fluid, and age were strong independent factors associated with the problem. Thus, these factors must be taken into account in these surgeries.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Hoy por hoy, la medicina endoscópica se usa cada vez más aunque no esté exenta de riesgos. Por eso, este estudio evaluó los factores que están asociados con las complicaciones perioperatorias en las cirugías endoscópicas con irrigación intraoperatória. MÉTODO: Estudio de cohorte durante seis meses. Se incluyeron pacientes con > 18 años, sometidos a cirugías endoscópicas que usarían fluidos de irrigación en el intraoperatorio. Pacientes que usaban diuréticos, que tenían insuficiencia renal, trastornos cognitivos, hiponatremia previa a la cirugía, gestantes y moribundos quedaron fuera del estudio. Fueron divididos en dos grupos los pacientes que tenían complicaciones o no en el período perioperatorio. Las complicaciones evaluadas estaban relacionadas con las alteraciones neurológicas, cardiovasculares, renales y con los sangramientos en el perioperatorio. RESULTADOS: Fueron incluidos 181 pacientes quedando fuera 39, por tanto 142 respetaron los criterios. Tenían complicaciones el 21,8% de los pacientes, con una incidencia mayor en las cirugías endoscópicas de próstata, seguidas de histeroscopias, vejiga, artroscopia de rodilla y de hombro, respectivamente 58,1%, 36,9%, 19,4%, 3,8% y 3,2%. Comparando los grupos, tenían una asociación con las complicaciones en el análisis univariado; edad, sexo, tabaquismo, cardiopatía, ASA, sodio sérico al final de la cirugía, total de fluido de irrigación administrado, resección transuretral de próstata, histeroscopia. Sin embargo, solamente la edad (OR = 1,048), sodio sérico (OR = 0,962) y el volumen de fluido de irrigación administrado en el intraoperatorio (OR = 1,001), fueron variables independientes para las complicaciones en la regresión múltiple. CONCLUSIONES: Las graves complicaciones en las cirugías endoscópicas tienen un gran porcentaje de incidencia. El sodio sérico al final de la operación, la cantidad de fluido de irrigación y la edad, fueron fuertes factores independientes asociados al problema. Tales factores deben ser tenidos en cuenta en esos tipos de cirugías.

Absorçäo de líquido de irrigaçäo na ressecçäo transuretral da próstata em cäes / Irrigating fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate in dogs

Trinta e dois cäes submetidos a entubaçäo do ducto torácico e cateterismo bilateral dos ureteres, foram divididos em 3 grupos: A- 4 cäes inoculados com RISA 131 I ou EDTA 51 Cr por via intravenosa ou peri-prostática; B- controle de 8 cäes submetidos a irrigaçäo vesical e prostática com 8 litros de glicina a 1,2 por cento contendo os marcadores radioativos; C- 8 cäes manejados como em B mas sujeitos à RTU da próstata. Os cäes foram acompanhados por 5 horas. A absorçäo de líquido de irrigaçäo foi calculada pelos métodos volumétrico e radioisotópico. Em 5 horas, 97 por cento da RISA 131 I inoculada via intravenosa permanecia neste espaço enquanto apenas 4,6 por cento da injetada no espaço peri-prostático penetrou no compartimento vascular. Para o EDTA 51 Cr, 63,6 por cento da massa inoculada no espaço peri-prostático foi recuperada na urina após 5 horas. O método volumétrico mostrou absorçäo média de 22,7 ml no grupo B e 276 ml no C, e o radioisotópico de 6,3 ml e 165,4 ml, respectivamente. O modelo experimental tem similaridades com o ser humano

Valoración del sodio plasmático en resección transuretral de próstata / Plasmatic sodium meassurement in prostatic transurethral resection

Las complicaciones que se presentan durante la resección transuretral de próstata se deben a la utilización de líquidos de irrigación, los cuales se absorben y pueden ocasionar una hiponatremia dilucional. por tal motivo, se estudiaron dos grupos de pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral. El primer grupo, integrado por 34 pacientes, no presentaron manifestaciones clínicas de hiponatremia durante la resección transuretral, al medir el sodio plasmático durante el pre y postoperatorio. En el segundo se estudiaron 33 pacientes, los cuales presentaron datos de hiponatremia al medir el sodio pre, trans y postoperatorio. Se encontró que hay hiponatremia dilucional cuando los pacientes presentan las manifestaciones clínicas (p< 0.01) y ésta se corrige al administrar bicarbonato de sodio (p < 0.04). Sin embargo, una hora después de aplicar el medicamento, los niveles de sodio no fueron los óptimos, por lo que en algunos casos es necesaria la administración de una segunda dosis de bicarbonato de sodio. También se encontró hiperkalemia con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0.005)

Effect of routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage on arterial blood gases.

Effect of conventional fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) procedure (Group A, n = 10) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (Group B, n = 11) on arterial blood gases was studied in 21 patients. A significant fall in arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) with widening of alveolar arterial oxygen gradient D(A-a)O2 was observed during FOB (p < 0.001) and 30 minutes following the procedure (p < 0.001). Bronchoalveolar lavage was also associated with significant fall (p < 0.001) in PaO2 with increased D(A-a)O2 and this fall in PaO2 persisted for 30 minutes after the procedure (p < 0.01). None of the patients received oxygen during the procedures. None of the patients in either group developed bronchospasm. No change in arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was observed in either group. Hypoxaemic encephalopathy developed in one patient in group A, hypotension and cyanosis developed in one patient each in group B. No mortality was encountered in the study. All the three patients with complications were excluded from final analysis. It was concluded from this study that both conventional bronchoscopy and BAL procedures were associated with significant hypoxaemia and supplemental oxygen should be given to all patients during the procedure and should be continued for at least 30 min. afterwards.

Oxygen desaturation induced by bronchoalveolar lavage.

Our study demonstrates that bronchoalveolar lavage can induce significant desaturation in patients with a resting PaO2 of below 70 torr, and that supplemental oxygen at 5 L/min through a nasal cannula may not prevent a marked drop in the oxygen saturation during this procedure. Therefore, measures to provide higher FiO2 should be offered to assure adequate oxygenation in severely ill patients requiring bronchoalveolar lavage.

Oxygen desaturation during fibreoptic bronchoscopy.

One hundred consecutive patients, who underwent bronchoscopic examination for diagnostic purposes, were studied with regard to various aspects of possible SaO2 deterioration. Relevant findings are as follows: (1) The pulse oximeter is as good as the conventional blood gas analyser for quantitating SaO2; (2) oxygen desaturation in the range of 1 to 25 per cent (median 5, mean 5.6 +/- 4) occurred in approximately 97 per cent of the bronchoscopy examinees; recuperation time of SaO2 was 1 to 34 minutes (median 6, mean 8.2 +/- 6.5); (3) the factor aggravating desaturation included the examination of patients in the sitting position; the fact that bronchial washing was connected with greater SaO2 deterioration in the non-hypoxaemic group of patients needs further investigation with regard to its role in the mechanism of oxygen desaturation; (4) the amount of fluid instilled intra-tracheally, bronchial biopsy and duration of the procedure were not related to the decline in SaO2. Based on the results of the present study, the authors suggest that all procedures ought to be performed on patients undergoing examination in the supine position, and that the patients should be supplemented with low-flow oxygen.